1. Vathany Kulasingam and Eleftherios P Diamandis, Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, 2008, 5(10), 588-599.
diagnostic (screening) biomarker
A marker that is used to detect and identify a given type of cancer in an individual. These markers are expected to have high specificity and sensitivity; for example, the presence of Bence–Jones protein in urine remains one of the strongest diagnostic indicators of multiple myeloma.
Prognostic biomarker
This type of marker is used once the disease status has been established. These biomarkers are expected to predict the probable course of the disease including its recurrence, and they therefore have an important influence on the
aggressiveness of therapy. For example, in testicular teratoma, human chorionic gonadotropin and alfa-fetoprotein levels can discriminate two groups with different survival rates.
stratification (predictive) biomarker
This type of marker serves to predict the response to a drug before treatment is started. This marker classifies individuals as likely responders or nonresponders to a particular treatment. These biomarkers mainly arise from array-type experiments that make it possible to predict clinical outcome from the molecular characteristics of a patient’s tumor.
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